Effect Of Boiling On The Vitamin C Biology Essay

Effect Of Boiling On The Vitamin C Biology Essay Abstract This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of boiling on the vitamin C content of selected vegetables (bitter gourd, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, green pepper, sweet peas, long beans and tomato). Vegetables were boiled for 10 minutes. The juices of both raw and boiled vegetables were extracted and titrated with 1 cm3 of 0.1% DCPIP solution. The volume of each juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution was measured and the vitamin C content was determined. The same procedure was repeated with other types of vegetables. The statistical t-test (paired sample) showed that the vitamin C content of raw vegetables is significantly higher than that of boiled vegetables. The results support the hypothesis; boiling reduces the vitamin C content of vegetables. Cumulative word count: 135 Research and Rationale Vitamin C is needed for growth, the healings of wounds, and the repair and maintenance of cartilage, bones and teeth. It is essential in the formation of collagen, a structural protein needed in the synthesis of skin, scar tissue, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels.  [1]  The antioxidant activity of vitamin C reduces the damage caused by free radicals, which contribute to aging, cancer, heart disease and inflammatory conditions.  [2]  Vitamin C improves resistance to infection and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases by raising the level of blood high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol.  [3]  4 The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin C is approximately 90mg for men and 75mg for women.2 Vitamin C must be consumed through our diet because it is not stored in our body. Since it is water soluble, excessive amounts of vitamin C are excreted via urine.1 Deficiency in vitamin C can lead to scurvy.  [5]  Sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits and fresh vegetables.  [6]   Cumulative word count: 337 The main biologically active form of vitamin C is ascorbic acid. In this experiment, the presence of ascorbic acid is indicated by a redox dye, DCPIP (2,6-dichloroindophenol).  [7]  DCPIP reacts with ascorbic acid in a 1:1 ratio. Ascorbic acid, being a reducing agent, reduces the DCPIP, while ascorbic acid itself is oxidised to dehydroascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acid DCPIP (blue) Reduced DCPIP (Colourless) Figure 1: The oxidation of ascorbic acid and reduction of DCPIP  [8]   The end-point of this DCPIP titration is when the blue colour of DCPIP disappears, forming a colourless solution which persists for 10 seconds or more.8 This method is chosen because DCPIP is less toxic. It is assumed that the vegetable tissue component which reduces the DCPIP rapidly is vitamin C. Cumulative word count: 495 Traditionally, vegetables are cooked to destroy germs, to soften the food so that it can be easily digested, to make them look attractive and to enhance the taste.  [9]  1011However, the stability of vitamin C is affected by exposure to air or light, presence of metals or heat and alkalinity. Marzena et al (2007) reported that boiling caused a reduction in vitamin C content (3.68 mg/100g in potatoes and 2.38mg/100g in carrots)  [12]  . This experiment was aimed to compare the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables, thus determining the best method of consuming them so that the intake of vitamin C is maximised. Vegetables selected are those which are eaten raw or after being boiled by Malaysians. Vegetables such as broccoli and green pepper were selected because of their high vitamin C content so that the loss of vitamin C during boiling is more significant. Furthermore, the vitamin C content of cooking water of broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and tomato were also determined to identify whether the vitamin C content was lost due to heat from boiling or leaching into the cooking water. These vegetables were chosen because they are the typical ingredients to make vegetable soup. Some people rarely eat raw vegetables.  [13]  14The results from this experiment can be used as evidence that eating fresh, raw vegetables are healthier as they contain more nutritional values. Consuming boiled vegetables may result in a lower intake of vitamin C because the water used for boiling is usually discarded. Thus, it may also be advisable to use the cooking water as a soup base to prevent wastage of vitamin C. Cumulative word count: 855 Experimental Hypothesis The vitamin C content of the raw vegetables is significantly higher than that of boiled vegetables. Null Hypothesis There is no significant difference between the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables. Variables Manipulated: State of vegetables (raw, boiled) Responding: Volume of vegetable juice needed to decolourise 1cm3 DCPIP solution Fixed: Type and concentration of vegetable juice, length of exposure to air after blending the juice, volume of 0.1% DCPIP solution, standard vitamin C solution, boiling time and amount of water used for boiling. Apparatus Test tubes, test tube rack, 500ml volumetric flask, pipette (to measure accurately to 1cm3), burette, pestle and mortar, measuring balance, glass rod, 200ml beaker, blender, a stainless steel pot and stove. Materials 0.1% DCPIP solution, vitamin C tablet, distilled water, muslin cloth and eight different types of vegetables listed in Table 5. Cumulative word count: 995 Planning A trial experiment was conducted using cabbage to determine the most suitable method of manipulating the variable. The vitamin C was extracted by blending 100g cabbage in 100ml distilled water using a commercial blender. The juice extracted was then boiled for 10 minutes. Another 100g of cabbage was boiled in 100ml cooking water for the same period of time. The boiled cabbage was blended to extract its juice. The control experiment was carried out using raw cabbage juice. Cabbage Volume of cabbage juice needed to decolourise 1 cm3 DCPIP solution (ml) Raw 9.70 Blended, then boiled 11.30 Boiled, then blended 15.75 Table 1: Results for the different methods used to determine the volume of juice needed The results show that boiling the cabbage before blending it had the most significant effect on the vitamin C content. Besides, this is the conventional way of cooking. Thus, the method of boiling before blending was used. The ratio of cabbage to cooking water to be used was identified. 100g of cabbage was added to either 100ml (1:1 ratio) or 200ml (1:2 ratios) distilled water and boiled. Cabbage Cabbage to cooking water ratio Volume of juice needed (ml) Raw 9.70 Boiled 1:1 1:2 13.65 15.85 Table 2: The volume of cabbage juice needed with respect to different cabbage to cooking water ratio Based on table 2, when a ratio of 1:1 was used, the difference in volume of juice was small. Thus, the cabbage to water ratio was changed to 1:2 so that the effect was more significant. Cumulative word count: 1251 The most suitable concentration of DCPIP solution to be used was determined. 0.1g of DCPIP was dissolved in either 100ml or 10ml distilled water. Volume of distilled water (ml) Concentration of DCPIP solution (%) Volume of cabbage juice needed (ml) Raw Boiled 100 0.1 9.7 15.7 10 1.0 34.6 54.0 Table 3: The volume of cabbage juices needed to decolourise 1 cm3 DCPIP solution with respect to different concentration of DCPIP solution DCPIP solution of concentration 0.1% was used because a smaller volume of cabbage juice is needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution. This makes the procedure easier and shortens the experimental time. Cumulative word count: 1354 Real Experimental Procedures I Preparing standard vitamin C solution A vitamin C tablet was crushed into fine powder with a pestle and mortar. 62.5mg of the vitamin C powder was weighed using a measuring balance. The powder was dissolved in a 200ml beaker by adding 10ml portions of distilled water. The solution was stirred using a glass rod. The solution was transferred into a 500ml volumetric flask. The beaker and glass rod were rinsed with successive portions of distilled water and the washings was transferred into the flask. The solution was made up to mark using a dropper. The solution is now exactly 0.125 mg of ascorbic acid per cm3 of solution. Steps 2 to 4 were repeated to prepare different concentrations of vitamin C solution listed in Table 4 using different amounts of vitamin C powder. II Preparing standard curve of vitamin C 1cm3 of 0.1% DCPIP solution was pipette into a test tube. A burette was filled with 0.125 mg cm-3 vitamin C solution. The vitamin C solution was added drop by drop into the test tube containing DCPIP solution until the blue DCPIP decolourises. The tube was shaken gently after each drop. The volume of vitamin C solution needed was measured. The procedure was repeated twice to get an average titre. Steps 1 to 4 were repeated using vitamin C solution of concentrations listed in Table 4. A standard vitamin C curve (Graph 1) was plotted based on the result. Cumulative word count: 1608 III Identifying the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables The non-edible parts of a bitter gourd were removed. 100g of bitter gourd was blended in 100ml distilled water using a commercial blender and was filtered using a muslin cloth. The volume of the freshly extracted vegetable juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution was determined using steps 1 to 4 in Experiment II. 100g of bitter guard was boiled for 10 minutes in 200ml boiling water using a 5-inch-deep stainless steel pot. After 10 minutes, the boiled bitter gourd was immediately removed from the cooking water and cooled by immersing in an ice-cold water bath for 5 minutes. Steps 2 and 3 were repeated using the boiled vegetables. This experiment was repeated with the other vegetables listed in Table 5. The vitamin C content of all vegetables was calculated using the standard vitamin C curve. The data of volume needed and vitamin C content were tabulated. A graph of vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables was plotted. A t-test was used to statistically analyse the data. IV Identifying how vitamin C is loss The cooking water of broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and tomato was collected. 200ml distilled water was added to the cooking water. It was cooled by immersing in an ice-cold water bath for 5 minutes. Steps 1 to 4 in Experiment II and steps 8 and 9 in Experiment III were repeated using the cooking water. The difference between vitamin C content of vegetables before and after boiling (inclusive of its cooking water) was calculated. A graph of vitamin C content of cooking water was plotted. Cumulative word count: 1895 Safety Precautions Heat resistant gloves were worn when dealing with boiled vegetables. Laboratory coat and goggles were worn to prevent the DCPIP solution and vitamin C solution or vegetable juices from staining the clothes or skin, or getting into the eyes. All glasswares such as test tubes, pipette and beakers were handled with extra care since the apparatus could break easily and cause injury. When using the burette, care must be taken to ensure that no air bubbles were trapped at the jet which may affect the accuracy of the titre. Cumulative word count: 1990 Results I Preparing standard vitamin C solution Mass of vitamin C powder (mg) Concentration of Vitamin C solution (mg cm-3) Volume of vitamin C solution (ml) 1 2 3 Average 62.5 0.125 10.30 10.20 10.20 10.20 125.0 0.250 5.20 5.20 5.15 5.20 187.5 0.375 4.00 4.05 4.00 4.00 250.0 0.500 2.90 3.00 3.00 3.00 312.5 0.625 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 375.0 0.750 1.40 1.35 1.50 1.40 Table 4: The mass of vitamin C powder needed for serial dilution and the volume of vitamin C solution needed to decolourise 1 cm3 DCPIP solution Cumulative word count: 2082 II Standard Vitamin C curve Cumulative word count: 2133Graph 1: Graph of volume of vitamin C solution needed to decolourise 1 cm3 of 0.1% DCPIP solution against concentration of Vitamin C III Calculating the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables From graph 1, vitamin C solution is needed to decolourise 1 cm3 0.1% DCPIP solution. Using the formula: where v = Volume of vitamin C solution needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution c = concentration of vitamin C solution k = constant It can be derived that: Thus, the vitamin C content of vegetables, c can be calculated by: Cumulative word count: 2219 Types of vegetables Volume needed to decolourise 1cm3 0.1% DCPIP solution (ml) Raw vegetables Boiled Vegetables 1 2 3 Average 1 2 3 Average Bitter gourd 2.40 2.55 2.45 2.50 4.20 4.05 4.10 4.10 Broccoli 4.25 4.20 4.15 4.20 6.20 6.15 6.20 6.20 Cabbage 9.70 9.55 9.60 9.60 15.60 15.80 15.75 15.70 Cauliflower 2.85 2.85 2.65 2.80 3.65 3.65 3.75 3.70 Green pepper 1.20 1.05 1.30 1.20 3.50 3.40 3.60 3.50 Sweet peas 4.25 4.40 4.25 4.30 9.00 9.00 8.80 8.90 Long beans 13.00 13.00 12.90 13.00 21.00 21.20 20.90 21.00 Tomato 0.55 0.70 0.60 0.60 1.85 2.00 1.90 1.90 Table 5: Volume of juices needed for different types of raw and boiled vegetables Types of vegetables Vitamin C content (mg cm-3) Raw vegetables Boiled Vegetables Bitter gourd Broccoli Cabbage Cauliflower Green pepper Sweet peas Long beans Tomato Cumulative word count: 2387Table 6: Vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables Cumulative word count: 2430Figure 2: Bar chart of vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables IV Identifying how vitamin C is loss Cooking water Volume needed to decolourise 1cm3 0.1% DCPIP solution (ml) Vitamin C content (mg cm-3) 1 2 3 Average Broccoli 13.20 13.00 13.15 13.10 Cabbage 15.20 15.20 15.00 15.10 Cauliflower 15.70 15.85 15.80 15.80 Tomato 9.45 9.50 9.50 9.50 Table 7: The vitamin C content of cooking water Types of Vegetables Vitamin C content (mg cm-3) Before boiling After boiling Difference = Before After (Raw Total) Raw Boiled Cooking water Total (Boiled + Cooking water) Broccoli 0.4277 -0.0009 Cabbage 0.2335 0.0460 Cauliflower 0.6004 -0.0425 Tomato 1.1369 -1.8631 Cumulative word count: 2553Table 8: Difference in total vitamin C content before and after boiling Cumulative word count: 2598Figure 3: Bar chart of vitamin C content of cooking water Statistical Analysis The paired sample t-test was used to analyse the data. Types of vegetables Vitamin C content (mg cm-3) Difference, d = Raw Boiled Raw Boiled Bitter gourd 0.7200 0.4390 0.2810 Broccoli 0.4286 0.2903 0.1383 Cabbage 0.1875 0.1146 0.0729 Cauliflower 0.6429 0.4865 0.1564 Green pepper 1.5000 0.5143 0.9857 Sweet peas 0.4186 0.2022 0.2164 Long beans 0.1385 0.0857 0.0528 Tomato 3.0000 0.9474 2.0526 Table 7: Difference in vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables Cumulative word count: 2735The calculated t-value (2.005) shows it is significant whereby it exceeds the tabulated t-value, which is 1.895 (p Data Analysis The vitamin C content of raw vegetables is on average 0.4945 mg cm-3 higher than that of boiled vegetables. The percentage loss of vitamin C during boiling is 56.22%. Error bars displayed on Figure 2 represent the overall distribution of the data. Upper error bar for boiled vegetables does not overlap the range of value within error bar of raw vegetables. Thus, these two vitamin C content values differ significantly. Figure 2 shows that raw vegetables have higher vitamin C content than boiled vegetables, suggesting that it is best to eat raw vegetables rather than those boiled. Nevertheless, if vegetables were to be boiled, it is advisable to serve the vegetables with the cooking water since vitamin C is found in the cooking water after boiling (Figure 3). Cumulative word count: 2865 Boiling breaks down the cell wall of vegetables, causing their permeability to increase. Vitamin C, being water-soluble, leaches into the cooking water. This agrees with the data in Table 7 as vitamin C is found in the cooking water after boiling. The vitamin C is lost as the cooking water is discarded.  [15]   The reduction in vitamin C content of vegetables (including their cooking water) after boiling as shown in Table 8 agrees with the suggestion that vitamin C is lost due to thermal degradation.  [16]  17The high temperature of boiling water increases the rate of oxidation of L-ascorbic acid to L-dehydroascorbic acid. L-dehydroascorbic acid, being unstable, tends to undergo hydrolysis to form diketogulonic acid, a physiologically inactive compound. This suggests that heat produced during boiling can cause vitamin loss. Figure 4: The destruction of vitamin C  [18]   Burg Fraile (1995) reported that vitamin C can also be destroyed by enzymatic destruction and enzyme thermal deactivation reactions during home cooking.  [19]  20 Cumulative word count: 3123 However, the results differ for cabbage. Unlike the other three vegetables, the total vitamin C content of cabbage after boiling is 0.0460 mg cm-3 higher than that of raw cabbage. This may be due to the more complete extraction of juice as the cabbage tissue is softer after boiling. The results of my investigation are supported by a previous investigation by Podsedek A. et al (2007) on two varieties of red cabbage Koda and Kissendrup. The vitamin C content of vegetables decreased after boiling.  [21]   Cooking method Cooking time (min) Vegetable: water (g/ml) Koda Kissendrup Vitamin C content (mg/100g) Raw cabbage 72.56 62.00 In boiling water 20 1:2 23.74 26.77 20 1:1 33.61 38.36 10 1:1 31.74 38.72 Table 8: The effect of boiling on the vitamin C content of red cabbage Moreover, Carol Reiss (1993) reported an average of 21.75mg/100g ascorbic acid in the cooking water after boiling a cabbage. This agrees with my results that vitamin C is present in the cooking water after boiling.  [22]   Cumulative word count: 3360 Evaluation The tube was shaken gently and consistently during each experiment after each drop of vitamin C solution to allow rapid diffusion of vitamin C throughout the DCPIP solution. Shaking the tube too vigorously may cause oxygen from air to dissolve and oxidise the reduced DCPIP solution, restoring the blue colour. Then, an increased volume of vegetable juice may be needed. All vegetable juices, as well as those boiled, should be titrated with the DCPIP solution once they have been extracted because vitamin C is easily destroyed by the atmospheric oxygen via oxidation. The DCPIP solution must be freshly prepared on the day of experiment. The DCPIP solution was filtered to avoid any impurities suspending at the bottom of test tube. Similarly, the vegetable juice was filtered to remove the vegetable pulp which may clog the burette tap. The non-edible parts and damaged leaf or stem of the vegetable samples were removed. Vegetables were cut into small cubes of about the same size so that the surface area exposed to the cooking water is constant. They were added into the pot only after the water starts boiling to keep the boiling temperature and duration constant. A stainless steel pot was used as ordinary pots may have transition metals which may oxidise the ascorbic acid. Before starting the experiment, a rough titration was run to determine the exact colour change at the end point. For cauliflower, the colour may change from blue to pale yellow, which is the colour of the cauliflower juice. [Appendix] To minimise inaccuracy, the procedure was repeated to get an average titre. Eight types of vegetables were sampled to obtain enough replicates to support the hypothesis. A burette and pipette were used because of their high accuracy. Burette readings are accurate to 0.05cm3. Since two readings are taken, there is a combined error of  ± 0.1cm3. If the titre is 20.00cm3, the possible error due to apparatus is 0.5%. Cumulative word count: 3682 Limitations in this experiment include the ripeness, place of origin, storage and handling conditions of the vegetables.  [23]  The season of year and time of day from which the vegetables were picked were uncontrollable. They were bought from a hypermarket and were chosen based on their appearance such as colour and degree of damage. Modifications include repeating the experiment using other types of vegetables such as potatoes and carrots. Boiling may have different effects on different varieties of vegetables as their nutritional contents vary. Using only eight types of vegetables may give a wrong representation on the effect of boiling on the vitamin C content of all vegetables. The experiment can also be modified to investigate the effect of other cooking methods like deep-frying, steaming and microwave cooking on the vitamin C content of vegetables thus determining the best cooking method which results in minimal vitamin C loss. To ensure complete extraction of ascorbic acid, the vegetables can be blended with 5% metaphosphoric acid. This acid inactivates the enzyme ascorbic acid oxidase (an enzyme present in many plant tissue) which catalyses the oxidation of ascorbic acid when the cell components of a vegetable is mixed during blending.  [24]  25 Conclusion Boiling significantly reduces the vitamin C content of vegetables (by 56.22%). The vitamin C content of raw vegetable is significantly higher than that of boiled vegetable. Cumulative word count: 3947 Source Evaluation Source 4 is a published book with ten contributors. Hence, the information provided is reliable and factual unless it has become out-dated since it was published in 1993. Source 5 (The Star) is Malaysias most widely-read English-language daily. One of its pullouts, Fit for Life, provides up-to-date articles on diet and nutrition. Therefore, the information can be trusted. ScienceDirect (Source 10) offers more than 2,500 peer-reviewed journals and more than nine million full-text articles. EBSCO (Source 11) provides online information databases and has a renewal rate of 99.6%. Thus, these online-journal sources are trustable. Source 12 is a website produced by the National Library of Medicine, a part of the National Institutes of Health. It shares extensive information on over 800 diseases and health conditions, and is reviewed at least every 6 months. Thus, it should be reliable. Cumulative word count: 4087 Appendix Figure 2: The colour change at end point for cauliflower Cumulative word count: 4098

Prison Health Care Essay

Health care is a major issue. The issue of health care, no matter who views, takes on many perspectives, however, the point of view of prison is a another world of its own. Federal and state laws in place states that correctional facilities and/or prisons must provide prisoners with medical facilities that would oversee their medical needs. This paper will identify a governmental agency that regulates prison health care, the impact on health care, the duties the agency carries out, this agency’s regulatory authority in relation to health care and the processes for accreditation, certification and authorization. The Federal Bureau of Prisons The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is an agency created on May 14, 1930. Its main headquarters is in Washington, D.C. The BOP is a subdivision of the United States Justice Department and is responsible for the administration of the federal prison system. Its sole purpose is to provide more open-minded and compassionate care to those who are federal inmates with the United States prison system. As time passed and laws were changed, The BOP’s responsibilities grew and by the end of 1930, the agency operated 14 facilities for well over 13,000 inmates (Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2015). By 1940s, the BOP grew to having 24 facilities with over 24,000 inmates. As a result of Federal law enforcement efforts and new legislation that altered sentencing in the Federal criminal justice system, the 1980s brought an  increase in the number of Federal inmates. According to the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, â€Å"established determinate sentencing, abolished parole, and reduced good time.† During the 1990s, the population doubled as efforts to combat illegal drugs and illegal immigration contributed to a significant increase in conviction rates. To present date, the population continues to increase with Federal prisons reach a current population of over 210,000. Impact on Health Care To control rising costs of health care, since the early 1990s the BOP implement initiatives aimed at providing more efficient and effective inmate health care (Efforts to Manage, 2008). These on-going initiatives included assigned most inmates to institutions based on the care level, installing an electronic medical records system that connects institutions, implementing tele-health to provide health care services through video conferencing, and implementing a bill adjudication process to avoid costly errors when validating health care related invoices (Efforts to Manage, 2008). Since the early 1990s, BOP has attempted to increase efficiency and economy of health care delivery to prisoners through various cost containment initiatives, such as restructuring medical staff, obtaining discounts through quantity or bulk purchases, leveraging resources through cooperative efforts and other governmental entities and even privatizing medical services at selected facilities (Containing Health Cost for Inmate Population, 2008). Duties of the Federal Bureau of Prisons The mission of the BOP is to protect society by confining offenders in the controlled environments of prisons and community based facilities that are safe, humane, cost efficient and appropriately secure and that provide work and other self-improvement opportunities to assist offenders in becoming law abiding citizens (Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2015). This agency is responsible for providing medically needed health care to inmates in agreement with federal and state laws. One of the most negative aspects of the BOP is it is responsible for carrying out all judicially mandated federal executions, including lethal injection of inmates who have been sentenced to death for a crime they have committed (Federal, 2015). This agency maintains the lethal injection chamber of a prison before, during,  and after an execution, making sure that the lethal injection is set up appropriately. The structure of the BOP is made of several divisions with board of directors. Inmates are confined in facilities spread out across the United States. Each facility reports to a regional office, which provides close oversight and support to that site. At the headquarters, national programs are developed and functional support is provided to the entire agency by division (Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2015). Regulatory Authority: Accreditation, Certification and Authorization Accreditation is necessary for prisons as it contributes to making the prisons operations, policies and procedures clear as well as increase the accountability of those operating the prisons. Accreditation provides and verifies the standards that an organization is required to meet. The American Correctional Association (ACA) performs the function with regard to the general operational activities of the correctional facilities (Hamilton, 2015). The American Correctional Association developed national standards for safe, effective, and professional operation of the correctional facilities. These standards are essential guides to policies and processed that protect the health and safety of prisoners and facility staff. These standards are regularly revised by a 20 member committee. Revisions are based on court decisions, and governmental agency practices and experiences (Hamilton, 2015). Although participation in the accreditation process is voluntary, many correctional facilities ask to be accredited. As these agencies ask for accreditation the ACE sends the appropriate standards material, a manual policy and procedure, and compliance checklist. At this point, a regional manager is appointed to serve as an adviser. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care accredits all of the BOP’s and health service units and medical referral centers. Many correctional facilities are also guided by the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC) standard without seeking accreditation. The accreditation process is a difficult and challenging one, especially those seeking new accreditations. It is the mission of the Federal Bureau of Prisons to protect society by confining offenders in the controlled environments of prisons and community  based facilities that are safe, cost efficient and secure. Each facility reports to a regional office and this agency is spear headed by a Board of Directors. Each region has functional support and provided the entire agency by each division.

Poem Analysis Essay Example

Poem analysis is an inevitable requirement of any literature or literary studies course. Hence, poem analysis essay example will be of assistance to many writers who are facing this task. Since a traditional poem analysis usually requires the consideration of the wording, verse form, and audial effect of the work on the reader, the given poem analysis essay example will demonstrate how to reach the desired goal. The Image of Flight in â€Å"Easter Wings† by George Herbert â€Å"Easter Wings† written by George Herbert in 1633 is one of the most famous works of the author. The religious poem pictures the poet’s hope for better days that will come due to the victory of Christ’s resurrection from the dead. The image of flight, which has the central role in the poem and is apparently connected with the resurrection, is expressed in the text by the combination of visual, acoustic, and verbal means skillfully implemented by Herbert. The author’s choice of the form was not coincidental as it added significant value to the meaning conveyed in the work. First, the stanzas of the poem visually resemble bird wings that instantly direct the reader to the sky and evoke the feeling of motion. Second, the length of the lines within a stanza is also an important point since the long lines describe good emotions, while the short ones are full of misery and discontent. Furthermore, to reflect the emotion of the author, the line acquires its initial length again describing a joyful flight: O let me rise As larks, harmoniously, And sing this day thy victories: Then shall the fall further the flight in me. (7-10) The visual form of the poem is strengthened by the smooth sounding of the lines that are full of assonance and alliteration. The repetition of the initial consonant or a vowel allows the reader to taste the melody of the poem. â€Å"Affliction shall advance the flight in me (20) is full of assonance, while â€Å"And still with sicknesses and shame† (12) shows the repetition of consonant â€Å"s†. The acoustic level of the poem fuels the feeling of the limitless flight. The verbal image of the bird’s flight recreates the process of the humanity rising from sin to Christ. Birds are timeworn symbols in literature that trigger associations ranging from hope and peace to death and evil omens. Therefore, this image allowed Herbert to combine the earthly and the heavenly parts of his poems. The simile â€Å"O let me rise / As larks, harmoniously, / And sing this day thy victories† (7-9) shows the beauty and harmony of the resurrection. Moreover, the author stresses the power of this phenomenon with a number of airy lexemes. In fact, there is a stable image â€Å"O let me rise† (7), which gradually transforms into the moving action of singing and flying â€Å"Then shall the fall further the flight in me† (10) and â€Å"Affliction shall advance the flight in me† (20). In conclusion, the poem â€Å"Easter Wings† expresses Herbert’s feelings about the resurrection through the image of flight, which is shown visually, audibly, and verbally. The work reveals its meaning by the form of the stanzas that resemble wings, smooth sounding that add the feeling of the gentle gliding in the sky, and the choice of â€Å"flying† lexemes. Herbert’s creation, being one of the best examples of the genre, makes the reader believe that God will not leave His people in trouble, as He is always ready to protect them with his wings.

Epic System Software in Nursing Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The implementation of the EPIC system is not easy especially because the most medium to large healthcare entities have busy environments (Maguire, 2005). Proper pre-planning and buy-in have to be well propagated for all stakeholders who must show prior commitment to the change. Many of the users of the replaced systems find it hard to give up the current workflow. Detailed preparation is necessary and takes may take even up to one year. It requires cooperation and commitment of all involved in supporting a swift transition and replication of workflow to adopt the new system (Ball, 2000). First, there is the formation of workgroups comprising representatives from each department to the healthcare unit who are required to evaluate, validate, and approve the Epic Foundation system. The Epic foundation system used as a model for the pre-launch training limits customization or extensive configuration that sometimes causes some professional to have a less buy-in and end-user cooperation. Sometimes some of the implementation staffers may lack implementation experience and may rely more on the Epics standard methods. Total-recall training is done at Verona, the headquarters of Epic Systems, through interactive, hands-on classes introducing participants to the software for both team members and end-users of the project. We will write a custom essay sample on Epic System Software in Nursing or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Operation of the Epic system requires well trained and Epic certified graduates. These could be nurses, doctors, pharmacists, radiologist, cardiologists, oncologist, or any other Epic trained clinical office. Training may take place for the different systems applied in different fields of specialization and took only two months at the Epic headquarter at Verona, Wisconsin, depending on the preparedness and effectiveness. The Epic system is user-friendly through the interactive user interface. The training addresses different components of the hospital needs such training on the ambulatory module, Willow Modules and so on. It also addresses software usage, data entries, data management, and data sharing and patient care among others.

Obstructed by the Trash Can Essay - 1267 Words

August Wilson’s brilliant stage production â€Å"Fences† takes place in 1950s Pennsylvania and offers us a unique insight into the ways that men defined themselves during this time period. Wilson’s leading male character, Troy, illustrates how external factors shape a man’s definition of himself. While the father has initial control over the future of his sons, the society in which they are raised begins to mold young men to follow certain societal standards by the time they reach adulthood. Beginning with the heavy influence of his father, Troy allowed his definition of acceptable male behavior to be narrowed, not only by his father, but also by the society in which he lives. Troy’s standards of manhood become so deeply engrained that he is†¦show more content†¦In fact, â€Å"the vast majority [of employers] said that the Negro employee has little opportunity for being hired at any sort of work except manual labor† (Wilson and Gilmo re 701). For this reason, society shaped Troy’s self-definition by limiting his opportunities in the workforce. In the 1950s, the effects of racism were just beginning to diminish and opportunities were opening up for African Americans to take on greater tasks and more responsibilities in the workforce. While they were still not afforded the same job opportunities available to white men, they were beginning to expand their presence in the American workforce. In the past, people of color were often exclusively employed for â€Å"unskilled jobs† (Wilson and Gillmore 699). We see this in Troy’s employment as garbage collector. Rather than being permitted to drive the truck himself, his job description is limited to â€Å"lifting† (Wilson 965). As we progress into the 1950s, however, Troy’s promotion to truck driver demonstrates white employers’ changing views of African American workers by allowing them more responsibility in â€Å"skilled† jobs. Although the ‘50s were a time of change and opportunity, Troy refuses to see it. Troy traps himself in the old, stereotypical definitions of African American men in the United States. Troy is fifty-three years old, therefore he has already lived the majority of his life before the positiveShow MoreRelatedCourt Case Number 202: First Degree Murder1099 Words   |  5 Pagesback in and hit Seay in the head. Seay went to a nearby bar to get help and when he returned neither Hodson nor Griffin were there. The next morning, a witness saw Griffin coming out of a large trash bin in a nearby alley and noted that Griffin was adjusting his pants. The witness found Essie Hodson in the trash bin. She was bleeding and in shock. Hodson passed away the next day at a local hospital from the injuries sustained from the violent attack. Griffin was tried for the first degree murder ofRead MoreEdwin, The Director Of Pixar Animation Studios1642 Words   |  7 Pagesphysics and computer science). 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Website Security Check: While doing any progress on your site such as updating anything, testing the site’s performance and taking backupsRead MoreBartleby The Scrivener, By Melville Essay1839 Words   |  8 Pagesthe narrator describes the setting of a bleak office to have a white wall of the interior of a spacious sky-light shaft, penetrating the building from top to bottom on one end, on the other it contrasted in the direction of his window demanded and obstructed view of a lofty brick wall black by age and everlasting shade. There was a ground glass folding-doors that divided the premises into two parts, one of which was occupied by my scriveners, the other the narrator. This undoubtedly addresses the emptinessRead MoreBartleby, The Scrivener, By Melville2062 Words   |  9 PagesWall Street, the narrator describes the setting of a bleak office to have a white wall of the interior of a spacious sky-light shaft, penetrating the building from top to bottom on one end. 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Analysis And Interpretation Of Henry Free Essays

Over time he becomes more and ore jealous, since his wife appreciates the doll more than him and therefore he decides to get rid of the doll. There are many themes in the story, such as marriage, jealousy and childish behavior. The genre is very comical as there is an exaggeration of the turmoil that can OCCUr in a marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis And Interpretation Of Henry or any similar topic only for you Order Now It can be seen that it is a short Story by: There are few persons It is a sudden beginning/ in medias rest It is a short story It has an open ending, because it leaves the reader in uncertainty. Living with his wife and the doll Henry, the narrator becomes more and more jealous and starts hating both of them, especially Henry with his well-bred smile. He is very aware of the fact that his wife loves and appreciates Henry the doll more than him and that Henry is better looking than him, which he himself says, â€Å"In our tiny kitchen he towered above my puny height of five foot nothing. He looked handsome and smart with his green vinyl suit and firm jaw† (II. 13-14 p. 2). You can tell by her tone when she speaks with her husband that she does not love and appreciate her husband as much as she loves and appreciates Henry. This is also seen in the quote â€Å"HERE, LET ME DO IT. You’re 3 p. 2)†. She says that he is useless, which she also mentions several times through the story. The following quote shows that the wife appreciate Henry more because she buys better gifts to the doll Henry compared to what she buys to her husband: â€Å"At Christmas, my wife bought me a set of kitchen skewers and a potato-peeler. Henry got a checked cap, a long tartan scarf and a smart pair of driving gloves† (II. 3-4 p. 3). By this you can see how much more the wife appreciate the doll rather than her husband. In this short story, there is an omniscient first-person narrator, as the narrator acts as a first-person narrator and because he knows about his fife’s feelings, this can be seen in the following quote â€Å"My wife screamed with hatred†(al. 10 p. 3). In this quote it can be seen that he describes the way and the feeling his wife had when she screamed. It can also be seen in the quote â€Å"She gazed with admiration as the figure slowly grew to full size† (II. 12 p. 2). In this quote he knows about her feelings, as he describes how she gazed as the figure slowly grew to full size. The narrator seems to be mentally unstable, because he has a childish behavior. This can be seen in the quote â€Å"He had a triumphant smile upon his lips† (II. 21 p. 4). He attaches the doll human-like behavior, when he mentions the triumphant smile, which he does several times. This makes him very depressive, because he has a negative view on life, which can be seen by all the many negative adjectives he assigns his wife. He is afraid of being alone and abandoned; therefore he does not leave her in the beginning, even though she treats him badly. The narrator has a subjective interpretation of reality, because there is an exaggeration of the turmoil that can occur in the marriage. The main purpose of buying Henry is to use it to frighten off muggers- the wife mentions. It is going to sit beside the wife when she is driving, but Henry has gained more importance, since the wife acts like Henry is her new husband. At some point it becomes too much for her husband and that is why he wants to get rid of Henry. Eventually when his wife sees what he has done, she begins crying. At some point he hears her crying and then he repairs Henry, â€Å"Moved by her hysterical cries, I ran for my puncture kit and made a hasty repair. After much huffing and puffing at the pump, Henry was restored to his full 13-14 p. 3). The author has a humorous style of writing, which makes the text entertaining. An example might be the episode where the wife explains that she bought Henry to frighten off muggers, when she is driving. Here occurs a humorous comment from her husband â€Å"l smiled. My wife frighten off muggers without the help of a dummy† (II. 7 p. 2). The use of humor is also a way of distancing oneself from painful experiences. His own wife frightens the narrator; â€Å"l decided to wander round for a bit. Didn’t want to be there when she discovered that he was missing. I smirked to myself. She was crazy about Henry. She would kill me if she knew what I had done† (II. 5-7 p. 4). The atmosphere in the couple’s house, is unstable and fill ed with jealousy, because it seems like they are getting divorced. You would also expect that they would be getting a divorce in any moment. At Christmas, my wife cap, a long tartan scarf and a smart pair of driving gloves† (II. 34 p. 3) â€Å"He deserves them,’ she said, ‘you’re just useless! † (II. 5 p. 3) â€Å"A great surge of anger rose up in me. How I hated them both† (II. 6 p. 3) From the quotes above, it can be seen that the mood in the house is hateful. The reason they are together is not because they love each other, but because their title as a aired couple. Their relationship becomes more and more hateful when the man makes it worse by adding Henry human characteristics. How to cite Analysis And Interpretation Of Henry, Papers

Migration and Settlement in Canada

Question: Discuss about the Mirgation and Settlement in Canada. Answer: Introduction The world has hitherto moved on to the realm of humanism and social justification pertaining to ensuring settlement to the homeless people. War-torn Africa and Middle East have been witnessing unnecessary damages that resulted in severe unaccounted migration of the people to the European and North American Countries. USA and Canada has been the most suitable places for those distressed to seek refuge (Riao-Alcal Goldring, 2014). The government of both the countries have been helpful and ethical towards the settlement of the refugees. These refugees or immigrants are mostly Africans, Afghani and Syrian (Nettelbeck et al., 2016). Continuous war and interior corruption within these countries have forced their compatriots to leave their own motherland and resettle somewhere they do not know about (White Domene, 2017). The report somehow acts like an initiative to emancipate the people detached from their homeland, and tries to provide them with a new identity to live with. There are different segments if the report. The first segment reviews a documentary film directed by Monika Delmo that projects the arrival and settlement of two teenagers- both from African continent. Once the film is reviewed, the report aims at identifying the micro, mezzo and macro issues followed by designing intervention strategies for the welfare of the immigrants. The report ends with an effort to legitimise the situational outcome of the refugees. Everybodys Children: When a child is carried by a mother, it is called the mothers baby; when it is born it becomes everybodys child. Every Bodys Children is a documentary directed by Monika Delmo. The director has captured several moving images portraying an invisible ladder. The film depicts the pathway of two teenagers seeking refuge in Toronto. Saillieu Dankieh 16 leaves his country Sierra Leone because of continuous effect of war. He loses his mother in the war and takes a flight to Canada with a single bag. On the other side, Joyce Nsimbah arrives at Toronto with $20 in hand. Joyce is a 17 years old teenage girl from Republic of Congo. She narrates that her father forced her for prostitution. Joyce had lost her mother during a war in Congo. Both the teenagers arrive at Canada without knowing anything about the country. The very first problem they face is that the English language. These two teenage kids somehow receives aid from the Government of Canada regarding their settlement in the country. Joyce is a French-speaking girl with tremendous talent of music. She possesses excellent vocal quality, which, she thinks, she has inherited from her mother. Nevertheless, both of them start staying alone in an apartment thus seeking comradeship. The plot of the film is woven very neatly highlighting the struggles of the refugees through Joyce and Saillieu. Saillieu is helped by the Red Cross society in Canada. They are to apply for refugee settlement, but initially they lacj money. Joyce strives to find a job so that she manages to save money for her application fee. Saillieu moves to Matthew House, which is a service home for refugee settlement in the city of Toronto. Joyce finds some French-speaking friends who reasonably ea se her difficulty. The Government with $630 aids both of them so that they can continue their study in schools, which is spent in their room rent and expenditures for other commodities. However, they have the same goal that is to receive a Permanent Resident Identity. Struggle against Identity Crisis: Identity crisis has been a major problem for the refugees in the North American countries (Tecle James, 2014). They know that they are no compatriots. Joyce seeks friendship with those who can speak French, on the contrary Saillieu learn English very fast. Both these teens face positive response from the Canadian Government regarding their permanent settlement. Joyce wants to get diploma, but she has to complete her high school course at first. Saillieu finds a job as a fire fighter in the city so he decides to go to evening school while working at day time. It is not Joyce or Sallieu struggling to exist in a newer world. Thousands and millions of refugees in both the United States and Canada are craving for their identity. Joyce is introduced to a settlement service where she is asked about her homeland and her father. She undergoes all the official procedures to apply for permanent residence. Fortunately she qualifies all the settlement criteria. Finally they find a new world where they can life their life hoping for prosperity. Optimism: Both the teens fall in favour of the government. However, majority of the immigrants are stuck in the whirl of law. Thousands of immigrants are homeless in Canada. They do not have a permanent residential address (Robinson, 2016). They do not have a job. They are aided by the Red Cross and some of the settlement service agencies so that they can go to school or college. However, the problem lies in this fact that they can hardly bare the money. Saillieu and Joyce have nothing to save as they are to pay the accommodation fee, electric bill, food cost and telephone bill. Yet, there are hopes for many like these two teens as they are permitted for permanent settlement in the country. Understanding Ecological Approach to Social Work: According to the ecological viewpoint, the environment comprises of natural factors such as chemical, biological and physical ones. These are known as the natural resources. Since human being is a part of the natural resources, Ecological approach to social work suggests viewing human and environment unitarily as an integrated part of each other. Since the theory always supports empirical study of social work, the practitioners are expected to follow the dynamics of it. There are some issues faced by the social workers while dealing with the most complex events in the society. Ecological approach views the issues in different level to specify their complexities. These are micro level issues, mezzo level issues and macro level issue. Issues Faced During Social Work: There are three levels of interventions and issues designed according to the ecological approach- Micro level Issues faced by individual social workers Mezzo Level Issues faced by institutions Macro Level Community, political system and other social bodies Micro Level Social Work: Micro level social work is performed usually by individuals, small groups, families to provide help and aid to the victims. The New Canadians in the country are greatly assisted by the individuals. However there are certain issues faced by the immigrant, and the social workers are not able to eliminate the matter from the heart of the people. The first hindrance that the immigrants face in the new countries is the prevalence of xenophobia (Beiser, Puente-Duran Hou, 2015). This is a social issue though it is not being uprooted from certain communities. Many individual initiatives have been witnessed while making a firm effort to settle the refugees in the country, yet individuals cannot perform strongly because of the complexities in the system. Another dire issue that the individuals face while helping the refugees or the newcomers in Canada is that they cannot easily avail the contact of the Settlement Agencies as the entire process is absolutely confidential. Without governments interference, they cannot exercise legitimate aid (Stewart et al., 2015). National security in modern days has adapted austerity in terms of laws as well as judicial practices. There are provisions of asylum for the refugees so that they can live together without paying money. Keeping that in mind, individual assistance is tending to become obsolete in the country (Gibson, 2014).. Another hindrance the individuals are while interacting with the immigrants is the language barrier. Most of the foreign immigrants coming to Canada belong either to Africa or to Afghanistan. Hence, language stands like a major hurdle between the immigrants and the social workers. Mezzo Level Social Work: There are group of social workers who try to perform social welfare through the help of some organisations. Somehow these small groups include the small NGOs who take care of the settlements in the countries. Followings are the issues that are faced during mezzo level social work- Small groups or organisations like community building, schools for the refugees, neighbourhood perform mezzo level social work. The most important body in this case is community building. As per the film is concerned, Joyce finds a community of her own where she meets people of her category-the refugees. The members of the community are different in ethnicity, language and religion, yet they have a common string to weave themselves together. The string is the urge for better life and a concrete identity in a new country. The church plays an important role in Joyces life. She finds a new dimension in her life in the church. She is eased and comfortable in the church. She sings there and builds her confidence. However, these communities are themselves secluded from the main force of the core society. They are only passionate and helpful towards their own members because they are the other to the natives. Mathew House is another fine example of the mezzo level social work. It provides refuge to the homeless. Saillieu finds a new home with the people living in Mathew House. They have a feeling of togetherness. Saillieus apartment seemed claustrophobic to him as he used to live alone. He had no one to talk to; neither could he afford expensive room rent. Mathew House is a paradigmatic example of neighbourhood where people like Saillieu can afford their livelihood easily. Hoever, there are problems. Not many neighbourhoods are responsive towards the refugees. The settlement policies of these groups are not always friendly to them (Root et al., 2014). Macro Level Social Work: Macro Level social work is the outcome of constant effort by the individual or people belonging to other two categories. There is intervention of law and the judicial and legislative body that helps change the society (Goldring, Landolt, 2013). Immigrants directly face the macro level work. However, they are only interrogated by them. Red Cross to Saillieu has proved to be the greatest benefactor by helping him during the war. In the case of two youngsters (Joyce and Saillieu) government and law-practitioners have been kind and understanding. They are not necessarily same towards everyone. Recent security issues have drawn limitations and bound the hands of the Government thus making the entire process a critically complex one. Local agitation against the refugees (lack of employment among the native Canadians) is one of the major hindrances that the government faces. Intervention: Micro Level In this category, social workers can help the individuals with the help of collecting data from the immigration department. i) Monetary aid is one of the initial interventions practised by the social workers. ii) The individuals can be contacted to the settlement service agencies. iii) The official needful formalities such as collecting information regarding a particular immigrant- his/her actual address in homeland, the parental identity and so on can be initiated by the social workforce. Mezzo Level i) Some workers can go to the town schools where majority of the immigrants are admitted to study. The schools need to be directed properly so that minority education is ensured. Provision of second language teaching has to be focused because most of the immigrants belong to non-English speaking countries (Sullivan Simonson, 2016). ii) Implementation and practice of ESL(English as Second Language) is another intervention of the social workers in the country(Lantolf, Thorne Poehner, 2015). iii) The workers can help the immigrants meet the community of the same kind where they spend time an lead a happy life. iv) A social campaign should be spread properly in the neighbourhood to form a better friendly society that can be compassionate to everyone. v) Since healthcare issue is another concern for the social workers, they should contact the hospitals and clinics in the country so that the immigrants can enjoy medical facilities.( Kalich, Heinemann Ghahari, 2016) Macro Level i) This is the toughest and most tiresome job of the social workers. Since the refugees are not aware of the existing rules and regulations of a country they are staying at, social workers need to come forward to provide information about the immigration and settlement laws to them. ii) It shall be the job of the social workers at macro level to prepare necessary papers for the immigrants so that they can attend the hearings without much difficulty. Conclusion: Without proper assistance of the social workers, the immigrants seem to be blind on a busy highway. There are strict laws pertaining to the settlement of immigrants. Canadian Immigration Acts and Legislation was regulated in order to provide better settlement and environment to those who have sought refuge in the country. The social workers need to ensure a society with zero tolerance to racism and xenophobia. Since most of the immigrants have brutal past, they are to be legally pampered to the country. Immigration and refugee settlement is a big challenge in many countries like USA, Australia, Canada, UK, India and other. It is being taken care of sensitively with the help of social workers and NGOs. References: Beiser, M., Puente-Duran, S., Hou, F. (2015). Cultural distance and emotional problems among immigrant and refugee youth in Canada: Findings from the New Canadian Child and Youth Study (NCCYS).International Journal of Intercultural Relations,49, 33-45. Gibson, J. J. (2014).The ecological approach to visual perception: classic edition. Psychology Press. Goldring, L., Landolt, P. (2013).Producing and negotiating non-citizenship: Precarious legal status in Canada. University of Toronto Press. Kalich, A., Heinemann, L., Ghahari, S. (2016). A Scoping Review of Immigrant Experience of Health Care Access Barriers in Canada.Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health,18(3), 697-709. Lantolf, J. P., Thorne, S. L., Poehner, M. E. (2015). Sociocultural theory and second language development.Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction, 207-226. Nettelbeck, A., Smandych, R., Knafla, L. A., Foster, R. (2016).Fragile Settlements: Aboriginal Peoples, Law, and Resistance in South-west Australia and Prairie Canada. UBC Press. Riao-Alcal, P., Goldring, L. (2014). Unpacking Refugee Community Transnational Organizing: The Challenges and Diverse Experiences of Colombians in Canada.Refugee Survey Quarterly, hdu005. Robinson, V. (Ed.). (2016).The international refugee crisis: British and Canadian responses. Springer. Root, J., Gates-Gasse, E., Shields, J., Bauder, H. (2014). Discounting immigrant families: Neoliberalism and the framing of Canadian immigration policy change.Ryerson Centre for Immigration Settlement (RCIS) Working Paper No,7. Stewart, M., Dennis, C. L., Kariwo, M., Kushner, K. E., Letourneau, N., Makumbe, K., ... Shizha, E. (2015). Challenges faced by refugee new parents from Africa in Canada.Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health,17(4), 1146-1156. Sullivan, A. L., Simonson, G. R. (2016). A systematic review of school-based social-emotional interventions for refugee and war-traumatized youth.Review of Educational Research,86(2), 503-530. Tecle, S., James, C. E. (2014). Refugee students in Canadian schools.Immigrant and Refugee Students in Canada, 147. White, M., Domene, J. (2017). Education in the Context of Internationalization, Immigration, and Forced Migration: Introduction to the Special Issue.Antistasis,6(2).